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第八章美国:心情矛盾的超级大国
1&ldo;二战&rdo;后第一位总统杜鲁门解释道,&ldo;美国的外交政策坚定地建立在公平正义的原则之上&rdo;,&ldo;我们一定要努力把这一黄金原则应用到这个世界的国际事务中去&rdo;。艾森豪威尔曾是一位坚强的士兵,作为总统,他几乎用同样的话语来表达目标:&ldo;我们希望和平……在国家生活中扎根。必须有正义,所有人民都能感受和分享……必须有法律,所有国家都援用和尊重它。&rdo;因此,正如杰拉尔德&iddot;福特在1974年国会联席会议上所说:&ldo;成功的外交政策,是把全体美国人民的希望向外延伸,追求一个有序和平、有序改良和有序自由的世界。&rdo;harrystruan,addressonforeignpolicyatthenavydaycelebrationnewyorkcity,october27,1945;dwightdeisenhower,sendauguraladdress(&ldo;thepriceofpeace&rdo;),january21,1957,publicpapersofthepresidents:dwightdeisenhower,1957–1961,62–63raldford,addresstoajotsessionofngress,augt12,1974,publicpapersofthepresidents:raldrford(1974–1977),6
2lyndonbjohnn,addresstotheunitednationsneralassebly,deceber17,1963
3foraneloentexposition,seerobertkagan,theworldaricaade(newyork:alfredaknopf,2012)
4ilovandjilas,nversationswithstal,transi插elbpetrovich(newyork:harurtbrace≈pany,1962),114
5kennanto插rlesbohlen,january26,1945,asotedjohnlewisgaddis,ekennan:anaricanlife(newyork:pengubooks,2011),188
6bohlen,witnesstohistory,176
7美国大使馆当时暂时没有大使。w&iddot;埃夫里尔&iddot;哈里曼已经离任,而沃尔特&iddot;比德尔&iddot;史密斯尚未赴任。
8&ldo;x&rdo;[efkennan],&ldo;theurcesofvietnduct,&rdo;foreignaffairs25,no4(july1947)
9ibid
10robertrhodesjas,ed,stonschurchill:hispletespeeches,1897–1963(newyork:chelseahoe,1974),7:7710
11areporttothenationalsecurityuncilbytheexecutivesecretaryonunitedstatesobjectivesandprograsfornationalsecurity,nsc-68(april14,1950),7
12johnfosterdulles,&ldo;foundationsofpeace&rdo;(addresstotheveteransofforeignwars,newyork,augt18,1958)
13ehwbhfacedasiilarissueaftersaddahse&rso;sforceshadbeenexpelledfrokuwait1991
14shenzhihua,ao,stal,andthekoreanwar:trilateralunistrelationsthe1950s,transneilsilver(london:routled,2012),140
15chenjian,cha&rso;sroadtothekoreanwar:theakgoftheso-aricannfrontation(newyork:biauniversitypress,1994),149–50onthecheseleadership&rso;sanalysisofthewaranditsregionaliplications,seealseringon插rov,johnwlewis,andxuelitai,uncertapartners:stal,ao,andthekoreanwar(stanford,calif:stanforduniversitypress,1993);henrykissr,oncha(newyork:pengupress,2011),插p5;shen,ao,stal,andthekoreanwar;andshuguangzhang,ao&rso;silitaryroanticis:chaandthekoreanwar,1950–1953(lawrence:universitypressofkansas,1995)
16see插pter5
17neraloarnbradley,插iranofthejotchiefsofstaff,testionybeforethesenateitteesonardservicesandforeignrelations,ay15,1951,ilitarysituationthefareast,heargs,82ndng,1stsess,pt2,732(1951)
18seepeterbraestrup,bigstory:howthearicanpressandtelevisionreportedandterpretedthecrisisoftet1968vietnaandwashgton(boulder,lo:westviewpress,1977);robertelegant,&ldo;howtoloseawar:thepressandvietna,&rdo;enunter(london),augt1981,73–90;guenterlewy,aricavietna(newyork:oxforduniversitypress,1978),272–79,311–24
19&ldo;anterviewwiththepresident:thejuryisout,&rdo;ti,january3,1972
20ri插rdnixon,usforeignpolicyforthe1970&rso;s:buildgforpeace:areporttothengress,byri插rdnixon,presidentoftheunitedstates,february25,1971,107直到这个时候,美国政府文件一直把中国称为&ldo;共产党中国&rdo;或泛称为北京或北平(国民党给这个城市的名称)当局。
21ri插rdnixon,rearkstoidwesternnewsdiaexecutivesattendgabriefgondosticpolicykansascity,isuri,july6,1971,publicpapersofthepresidents,805–6
22seekissr,oncha,插p9
23ri插rdnixon,sendauguraladdress,january20,1973,yfellowaricans,333
24ri插rdnixon,usforeignpolicyforthe1970&rso;s:buildgforpeace,10
25ri插rdnixon,usforeignpolicyforthe1970&rso;s:anewstrategyforpeace,february18,1970,9
26ri插rdnixon,usforeignpolicyforthe1970&rso;s:shapgadurablepeace,ay3,1973,232–33
27ronaldreagan,farewelladdresstothearicanpeople,january11,1989,thewordsofronaldreagan:thewit,wisdo,andeternaloptiisofarica&rso;s40thpresident,edi插elreagan(nashville:thoasneln,2004),34
28ronaldreagan,anaricanlife(newyork:sion≈schter,1990),592
29loucannon,presidentreagan:theroleofalifeti(newyork:sion≈schter,1990),792
30ronaldreagan,addressbeforeajotsessionofngressonthestateoftheunion,january25,1984,thepublicpapersofpresidentronaldwreagan,ronaldreaganpresidentiallibrary
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